EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF MONODORA MYRISTICA (AFRICAN NUTMEG)

CHAPTER ONE        

1.0          Introduction   ---------------------------------------------------------                                   1

1.1          Significance of study -----------------------------------------------                         6

CHAPTER TWO

2.0          Literature Review      ------------------------------------------------                                    7

2.1          African nutmeg (Monodora myristica) ----------------------------                       7

2.1.1      Scientific classification       ------------------------------------------                     7

2.1.2      Habitat/ ecology of Mondora myristica ----------------------------                      8

2.1.3      Characteristics/morphology of monodora myristica  -------------                      8

2.2          Oil Palm                     ---------------------------------------------------                    9

2.2.1      Scientific classification -----------------------------------------------                    10

2.2.2      Origin and description of palm oil ---------------------------------                                    10

2.2.3      The Chemical composition of palm oil --------------------------                          11

2.2.4      Physical characteristics of palm oil products  ------------------                           14

2.3          Palm kernel oil ------------------------------------------------------                                    14

2.3.1      The chemical composition of palm kernel oil-------------------                           15

2.4          Modern uses of palm oil and palm kernel oil-------------------                            16

2.5          Lipid oxidation-----------------------------------------------------                           16

2.5.1      Lipid oxidation pathway ------------------------------------------                            21

2.5.2      Mechanism of oxidation ------------------------------------------                           22

2.6          General antioxidant action ---------------------------------------                            24

2.6.1      Mechanism of antioxidant action ------------------------------                              24

2.6.2      Antioxidant molecules --------------------------------------------                           26

2.7          General review of photochemistry of monodra myristica --                               27

2.7.1      Alkaloids ----------------------------------------------------------                            27

2.7.2      Flavonoids --------------------------------------------------------                             27

2.7.3      Glycosids --------------------------------------------------------                             28

2.7.4      Saponins ----------------------------------------------------------                             28

2.7.5      Tannins ------------------------------------------------------------                            29

2.8          Application of vegetable oils -----------------------------------                              29

2.8.1      Factors that cause oxidative rancidity in vegetable oil ------                                30       

2.9          Nutritional signification -----------------------------------------                            33

CHAPTER THREE

3.0          Materials and methods --------------------------------------------                           34

3.1          Equipment/apparatus ----------------------------------------------                           35

3.2          procedurement  of raw materials ---------------------------------                          35

3.3          Study design ---------------------------------------------------------                                    37

3.4          Sample preparation ------------------------------------------------                          37

3.5          Chemical analysis -------------------------------------------------                           38

3.5.1      Determination of acid value (Av) -------------------------------                             38

3.5.2      Determination of thiobarbituric acid number.------------------                             38

3.6          Statistical analysis ------------------------------------------------                            39

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0          Result and Discussion -------------------------------------------                             40

4.1          Changes in Acid value of Palm Kernel and palm oil --------                                 46

4.2          Changes thiobarbituric acid value of palm kernel and palm oil---                        46

4.3          Effect of monodora myristica extract on the                                                       

 chemical indices of oil on storage    --------------------------------                     47

CHAPTER FIVE

 5.0         Summary and conclusion --------------------------------------------                       48

5.1          limitations---------------------------------------------------------------                   51

5.3          Future recommendation ----------------------------------------------                     51

References -------------------------------------------------------------------------                 53

Appendix I --------------------------------------------------------------------------                 62

Appendix II -------------------------------------------------------------------------                 63

Appenedix III ----------------------------------------------------------------------                  65

  

     

LIST OFF TABLES

 Table 1:          Fatty acid composition of palm oil (palm oil)

 Table 2:         Fatty acid profile of palm kernel oil (palm kernel )

Table 3:          Acid value for palm kernel  oil

Table 4:          Acid value for palm oil

Table 5:          Thiobarbituric acid value for palm kernel oil

Table 6:          Thiobarbituric acid value for palm oil 

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1:   African nutmeg  seeds (Monodora myristica)

Figure 2:   Africa Oil palm fruits (Elaeis guinesis)

Figure 3:   Lipid oxidation pathway

Figure 4:   Dried seed kernels  of Afican nut meg.

Figure 5:   Transverse section of palm fruit

Figure 6:   n-Hexane extract of Monodora mystica

Figure 7:   Crude palm oil

Figure 8:  Crude palm kernel oil

ABBRERVIATIONS

AOCS:            Association of America Chemistry Society

AV:                 Acid value

FFA:                Free fatty acid 

PV:                  Peroxide value

PKO:              Palm kernel oil

PO:                 Palm oil

PUFA:           Polyunsaturated fatty acid

ROS:              Reactive oxygen specie

SR:                  Storage in room

SS:                  Storage in sun

TBA:               Thiobarbituric acid